ÿWPC› 5‡~ìãEd6wõç vÇÒ‡­ `W8â’Gî* « †' ù†{¼v¸$FR›ø)±©uNÛðùî3O_ºu+Æ’S<ï„s¶ô 2ûÜ"6DëÄ`~ p—Æ5òЭÍ[ù8Yq›áV;­e/»Öj×€ö€QºélÎX\¼û¡9™.m÷¯v²—í’KÅ1³#È ‹ ¿ácUÿ,½;× «ímaá‚8ÇÃr2ÒÞòÕä«<°§¼tôwCaÓ@—ӥäW,Ü ~Ü>ÙÄpv<>âb!ýb`>>.}zI›Ê7_É”TI§¬k,û–‰ÀÕ‹ãŸu1vIªñ6@qó„*_Ñ"Å8Šb³Rg^–`êÉþ% Ó°DÔŸ·&ç `¾Ftük#†³1‘ †ø%ÉßÎ{¹ÒsùoFñß48á€øÛ;z"A᎚ ê,èÏÏád=ÈôžcY3'à1¨—vÄÒÎ ¤–ÇAÁ‘sˆÝÍX‚<Ú "ISŠ×‰¹†Ï½æuÏP#{I((nöïâÅ®¾KÅT†±‘Ï)Ù¥M|׆KxSWRö¾íÙ:Ô‰jK•ƒØ^H¿SkJ^;Ü](#k «€#! U N! %o 0Iu w@¾ cþ 4a u „ m† æ 0 ƒ 0 DùTMèb§JÝñ“Î)aaaaaaaaaŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠb’’’ B¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬cÉ 0e,e ‘˜HP LaserJet 4MV,ð,,,,,ð0xÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(!|í$¡¡Ó  ÓÖ€}ÿÿÖ ÕUÖD×UØUÙUÚUÛUÜUÝUÞD YÝ ƒ~ój*ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€^[._XXÔÔ.¶ƒ¦F:\default\WPDATA\Hague\Preliminary Proposal by the Drafting Committee 12-22-98.wpd¶ÔF:\default\WPDATA\Hague\Preliminary€Proposal€by€the€Drafting€Committee€12-22-98.wpdÔ/  Ô1‘w&ÀF3|xÞ ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ ÜÝ ƒ T$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à0 ` àÔ€ÂöÂXXÔThis€may€need€to€be€extended€to€relationships€having€consequences€analogous€to€those€of€marriage.(=(3T$¤¤Ý ƒ|í!ÝÓ  ÓÖ€}ÿÿÖÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ïÝ ƒ T$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à0 ` àÔ€ÂöÂXXÔThe€questions€of€liability€for€nuclear€activity€will€be€dealt€with€in€Article€37€(relations€with€other€conventions). Ý ƒ T$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à0 ` àÔ€ÂöÂXXÔThe€Commission€may€wish€to€consider€whether€this€paragraph,€if€acceptable,€should€apply€only€to€recognitionÐ ° Ðand€enforcement. ÞÝ ƒ T$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à0 ` àÔ€ÂöÂXXÔIf€this€solution€is€accepted€by€the€Special€Commission,€additional€rules€may€have€to€be€considered. Ý ƒ T$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à0 ` àÔ€ÂöÂXXÔVariant€2€was€not€fully€discussed. ÓÝ ƒ T$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à0 ` àÔ€ÂöÂXXÔThe€problem€of€the€effect€of€a€declaratory€action€on€lis€pendens€remains€to€be€examined. ‰Ý ƒ T$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à0 ` àÔ€ÂöÂXXÔSee€Article€1. Ý ƒ T$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à0 ` àÔ€ÂöÂXXÔThe€Drafting€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€this€provision€should€be€placed€in€the€Article€dealing€with€the€effectsÐ ° Ðof€the€decision€(Article€32). Page ù of &ù d YÝ ƒ~ój*ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€^[._XXÔÔ.¶ƒ¦F:\default\WPDATA\Hague\Preliminary Proposal by the Drafting Committee 12-22-98.wpd¶ÔF:\default\WPDATA\Hague\Preliminary€Proposal€by€the€Drafting€Committee€12-22-98.wpdÔ/  Ô(=3ój$ªªÝ ƒ|í!ÝÓ  ÓÖ€ÿÿÖÝ  Ý Ý ƒ|í!ÝÓ  ÓÖ€}ÿÿÖÝ  Ý›ÑX°ÑÑ€&ÑÑ8€ XXdìdÈ8Ñà@  ìàò òPreliminary€Proposal€by€the€Drafting€Committeeó óˆÐ ° ÐÌÌPreambleÌ................................................Ì(not€yet€discussed)ÌÌÌCHAPTER€Ià ` àSCOPE€OF€THE€CONVENTIONÐ  ` ÐÌArticle€1à ` àSubstantive€scopeÐ è 8  ÐÌ1à  àThis€Convention€applies€to€civil€and€commercial€matters.Ð À  ÐÌ2à  àThe€Convention€does€not€apply€to€the€following€matters€„Ð ˜è  Ðà  àaà ` àcivil€status€and€legal€capacity€of€natural€persons;Ð „Ô  Ðà  àbà ` àmaintenance€obligations;Ð pÀ Ðà  àcà0 ` àmatrimonial€property€regimes€[and€other€rights€and€obligations€arising€out€ofÐ \¬ Ðmarriage]׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×;ÐH˜` (#` (# Ðà  àdà ` àwills€and€succession;Ð 4„ Ðà  àeà ` àinsolvency,€composition€or€analogous€proceedings;Ð  p Ðà  àfà ` àsocial€security;Ð  \ Ðà  àgà ` àarbitration€and€proceedings€related€thereto;Ð øH Ðà  à[hà ` àquestions€of€administrative€law;]Ð ä4 Ðà  àià ` àtaxation€and€customs;Ð Ð  Ðà  àj׃@×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ¼  ÐÌ[3à0  àA€dispute€is€not€excluded€from€the€scope€of€the€Convention€by€the€mere€fact€that€aÐ ”ä Ðgovernmental€agency€or€other€governmental€instrumentality€is€a€party€to€the€proceedings.]Ð (#(# ÐÌ[4à0  àThe€Convention€applies€to€disputes€within€its€scope€of€application€regardless€of€the€natureÐ X ¨ Ðof€the€body€exercising€judicial€authority€on€behalf€of€the€State.]׃¸×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ÐD!”(#(# ÐñÖññÕñÌñÕññÕñÌñÕññÕñÌñÕññÕñÌñÕññÕñÌñÕññÕñÌñÕññÕñÌñÕññÖññ×ñÌÌÌÌÌÌÌñ×ñÐ ¤(ô#' ÐArticle€2à ` àGeographical€scopeÐ ° Ð................................................................Ì(not€yet€discussed)ÌÌCHAPTER€IIà ` àGROUNDS€OF€JURISDICTIONÐ `° ÐÌArticle€3à ` àDefendantððs€forumÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌSubject€to€the€provisions€of€this€Convention€„ÌÌaà0  àa€natural€person€may€be€sued€for€any€claim€int€he€courts€[of€the€Contracting€State][of€theÐ è 8  Ðplace]€where€that€person€is€habitually€resident€[,€or,€if€the€habitual€residence€cannot€beÏdetermined,€where€that€person€is€domiciled];Ð (#(# ÐÌbà0  àa€legal€entity€may€be€sued€for€any€claim€before€the€courts€[of€the€Contracting€State]€[of€theÐ ˜è  Ðplace]€where€it€has€been€incorporated€or€formed,€or€where€it€has€its€central€management,€or,Ïif€that€place€cannot€be€determined,€the€place€of€its€principal€activity.Ð (#(# ÐÌArticle€4à ` àChoice€of€courtÐ H˜ ÐÌ1à0  àIf€the€parties€have€agreed€that€a€court€or€courts€of€a€State€shall€have€jurisdiction€to€settle€anyÐ  p Ðdispute€which€has€arisen€or€may€arise€in€connection€with€a€particular€legal€relationship,€thatÏcourt€or€those€courts€shall€have€exclusive€jurisdiction€unless€the€parties€have€agreedÏotherwise.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2à  àSuch€agreement€shall€be€valid€as€to€form,€if€it€was€entered€into€„Ð ¼  Ðà  àaà ` àin€writing€or€by€any€other€means€of€communication€which€can€be€evidenced€by€a€text;Ð ¨ø ÐorÌà  àbà0 ` àorally€and€confirmed€in€writing€or€by€any€other€means€of€communication€which€canÐ €Ð Ðbe€evidenced€by€a€text;€orÐ ` (#` (# Ðà  àcà ` àin€accordance€with€a€usage€which€is€regularly€observed€by€the€parties;€orÐ X ¨ Ðà  àdà0 ` àin€accordance€with€a€usage€of€which€the€parties€were€or€ought€to€have€been€aware€andÐ D!” Ðwhich€is€regularly€observed€by€parties€to€contracts€of€the€same€nature€in€the€particularÏtrade€or€commerce€concerned;€orÐ ` (#` (# Ðà  à[eà ` àin€accordance€with€any€other€form€accepted€by€the€court€seized].Ð $X" ÐÌ3à  àReservation€of€protective€forum€„€to€be€decidedÐ à%0!$ ÐÌ4à  àReservation€of€exclusive€jurisdiction€„€to€be€decidedÐ ¸'#& ÐñØñÌÌÌÌÌÌñØñÐ ,.|)- Ð[5à0  àWhere€such€an€agreement€designates€a€court€or€courts€of€a€non„Contracting€State,€courts€inÐ ° ÐContracting€States€shall€[decline€jurisdiction]€[or€suspend€proceedings׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×]€[unless€the€court€orÐ œì Ðcourts€chosen€have€themselves€declined€jurisdiction].]Ð (#(# ÐÌà  àà ` àNota€bene:ÌÌà  àà ` àWith€regard€to€choice€of€court€clauses,€the€following€topics€are€still€to€be€considered:ÌÌà  àà ` à1à ¸ àSufficient€links€between€the€forum€and€the€litigationÐ  ` Ðà  àà ` à2à ¸ àProvisional€and€protective€measuresÐ ü L  Ðà  àà ` à3à ¸ àWarrantyÐ è 8  Ðà  àà ` à4à ¸ àInterventionÐ Ô$  Ðà  àà ` à5à ¸ àAppearance€of€the€defendantÐ À  ÐÌArticle€5à ` àAppearance€by€the€defendantÐ ˜è  ÐÌ1à0  àSubject€to€the€provisions€of€this€Convention,€a€court€has€jurisdiction€if€the€defendantÐ pÀ Ðproceeds€on€the€merits€without€contesting€jurisdiction.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à  àòòVariant€1óóÐ 4„ ÐÌThe€defendant€has€the€right€to€contest€jurisdiction.€€Without€prejudice€to€provisions€of€the€law€of€theÏforum€allowing€more€time,€this€right€shall€be€exercisableÌÌà  à[Option€1€„€within€a€reasonable€time€after€the€commencement€of€the€proceedings]ÌÌà  à[Option€2€„€at€least€up€to€the€time€of€the€first€defense€on€the€merits].ÌÌà  àòòVariant€2óóÐ €Ð ÐÌThe€defendant€has€the€right€to€contest€jurisdiction€not€later€than€the€time€of€the€first€defense€on€theÏmerits.ÌÌArticle€6à ` àContractsÐ #l! ÐÌòòVariant€1óóÐ ô$D # ÐÌA€plaintiff€may€bring€a€claim,€in€matters€relating€to€contracts,€in€the€courts€of€a€Contracting€State€ifÌÌ1à  àthe€plaintiffððs€habitual€residence€or€seat€is€located€in€that€State;€andÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÌ2à  àthe€defendant€engaged€in€activity€in€that€State€that€constituted€a€significant€stepÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àaà0 ` àin€the€creation€of€the€contract€obligation€on€which€the€claim€is€based,€such€asÐ h+¸&* Ðsolicitation€of€business,€orÐT,¤'+` (#` (# Ðà  àbà0 ` àin€the€defendantððs€preparation€to€perform€the€obligation€on€which€the€claim€is€based,Ð ° ÐorÐ ` (#` (# Ðà  àcà ` àin€the€performance€of€the€obligation€on€which€the€claim€is€based.Ð ˆØ ÐÌòòVariant€2óóÐ `° ÐÌ1à0  àA€plaintiff€may€bring€a€claim,€in€matters€relating€to€contracts,€in€the€Contracting€State€inÐ 8 ˆ Ðwhich€the€obligation€in€question€was€to€be€performed€under€the€terms€of€the€contract,Ïprovided€that€a€significant€part€thereof€was€in€fact€performed.€€If€the€claim€is€based€on€severalÏobligations,€the€principal€obligation€shall€be€determinative.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2à0  àThe€preceding€paragraph€shall€not€apply€where€the€obligation€in€question€is€to€pay€for€goodsÐ Ô$  Ðor€services.Ð (#(# ÐÌÌArticle€7à ` àContracts€with€consumersÐ „Ô  Ð..........................................................................Ì(not€yet€discussed)ÌÌArticle€8à ` àContracts€with€employeesÐ 4„ Ð........................................................................Ì(not€yet€discussed)ÌÌArticle€9à ` àBranchesÐ ä4 ÐÌThe€plaintiff€may€bring€a€claim€in€the€courts€of€a€Contracting€State€in€which€a€branch,€agency€orÏother€establishment€[,€or€an€employee€or€other€representative]€of€the€defendant€is€situated€or€hasÏacted€for€or€on€behalf€of€the€defendant€in€conducting€regular€commercial€activity,€includingÏpromotional€activity€directed€at€that€State€or€the€sale€of€goods€or€provision€of€services€in€that€State,Ïprovided€that€the€action€is€based€on€a€claim€that€relates€to€such€activity.ÌÌArticle€10à ` àTorts€or€delictsÐ D!” ÐÌ1à  àThe€plaintiff€may€commence€an€action€based€on€a€claim€in€tort€or€delict€in€the€courts€of€theÐ #l! ÐContracting€State€„ÌÌà  àaà ` àin€which€the€act€or€omission€of€the€defendant€that€caused€the€injury€occurred,€orÐ à%0!$ Ðà  àbà0 ` àin€which€the€injury€arose,€provided€that€the€defendant€could€reasonably€foresee€thatÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€activity€giving€rise€to€the€claim€could€result€in€such€injury€in€that€State,€includingÏactivity€through€commercial€channels€known€by€the€defendant€to€extend€to€that€State.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌ2à0  àThe€plaintiff€may€also€commence€an€action€in€accordance€with€the€preceding€paragraph€whenÐ |*Ì%) Ðeither€the€act€or€omission,€or€the€injury€is€threatened.Ð (#(# ÐñÙñÌÌñÙñÐ ,.|)- Ð[3à0  àIf€an€action€is€commenced€in€a€jurisdiction€other€than€that€where€the€act€or€omission€thatÐ ° Ðcaused€the€injury€occurred€or€where€the€defendant€is€habitually€resident€or€has€its€seat,€theÏcourt€shall€have€jurisdiction€only€in€respect€of€the€injury€that€occurred€in€that€State.]Ð (#(# ÐÌArticle€14à ` àProvisional€and€protective€measuresÐ `° ÐÌ1à0  àA€court€that€is€seized€or€is€about€to€be€seized€of€proceedings€on€the€merits€and€which€hasÐ 8 ˆ Ðjurisdiction€under€the€Convention€has€jurisdiction€to€take€provisional€or€protective€measuresÏ[in€connection€with€those€proceedings].Ð (#(# ÐÌ2à0  àA€court€of€the€place€where€property€is€located€has€jurisdiction€to€take€provisional€orÐ è 8  Ðprotective€measures€in€respect€of€that€property.Ð (#(# ÐÌà  àNota€bene:ÌÌà0  àWith€regard€to€provisional€and€protective€measures,€the€following€topics€are€still€to€beÏconsidered:Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à1à0` (#(#àShould€the€rule€in€the€first€paragraph€be€extended€to€any€court€having€jurisdictionÐ H˜ Ðunder€the€Convention?Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  à2.à0` (#(#àShould€a€choice€of€court€clause€prevent€other€courts€from€taking€provisional€orÐ  p Ðprotective€measures,€unless€the€parties€have€agreed€otherwise?Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  à3.à0` (#(#àShould€there€be€a€third€paragraph€as€follows:€ð ðA€court€of€a€Contracting€State€hasÐ øH Ðjurisdiction€to€take€provisional€or€protective€measures€if€their€effect€is€limited€to€theÏterritory€of€that€State.ðð?Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  à4.à0 ` àDefinition€of€provisional€or€protective€measures?м ` (#` (# Ðà  à5.à ` àExtraterritorial€effects€of€orders€in€personamÐ ¨ø Ðà  à6.à ` àRecognition€and€enforcementÐ ”ä ÐÌ[Article€20à ` àExamples€of€prohibited€grounds€of€jurisdictionÐ l¼ ÐÌ1à0  àGeneral€jurisdiction€of€a€State€over€the€defendant€may€not€be€based€exclusively€on€one€orÐ D!” Ðmore€of€the€following€[in€particular]€„Ð (#(# Ðà  àaà0 ` àthe€presence€in€the€territory€of€the€State€of€property€belonging€to€the€defendant,€[orÐ #l! Ðthe€seizure€by€the€plaintiff€€of€property€situated€there];Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  àbà ` àthe€nationality€of€the€plaintiff;Ð ô$D # Ðà  àcà ` àthe€nationality€of€the€defendant;Ð à%0!$ Ðà  àdà0 ` àthe€domicile,€habitual€or€temporary€residence€of€the€plaintiff€within€the€territory€ofÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€State;Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  àeà0 ` àthe€carrying€on€of€commercial€or€other€activities€by€the€defendant€within€the€territoryÐ ¤(ô#' Ðof€the€State;Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  àfà0 ` àthe€service€of€a€writ€upon€the€defendant€within€the€territory€of€the€State€[with€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðexception€of€actions€based€on€a€violation€of€human€rights€protected€by€internationalÏconventions];Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  àgà ` à[a€unilateral€specification€of€the€forum€by€the€plaintiff];Ð @-(, Ðà  àhà ` à[the€declaration€of€enforceability€or€registration€of€a€judgment].Ð ,.|)- Ї2à0  àUnless€otherwise€provided€in€the€present€Convention,€the€grounds€under€paragraph€1,Ð ° Ðsubparagraphs€b,€c,€d,€f€and€g€may€not€also€serve€as€grounds€to€establish€special€jurisdiction.]Ð (#(# ÐÌArticle€23à ` àLis€pendensÐ tÄ ÐÌIà  à1à0 ` àWhen€an€action€having€the€same€subject€matter€is€already€pending€between€the€sameÐ L œ Ðparties€in€the€court€of€another€Contracting€State,€the€court€second€seized€shall€stay€theÏcase€if€it€is€to€be€expected€that€the€court€first€seized€will,€within€a€reasonable€time,Ïrender€a€decision€capable€of€being€recognized€under€this€Convention€in€the€State€ofÏthe€court€second€seized.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€court€second€seized€shall€decline€jurisdiction€as€soon€as€it€is€presented€with€a€decisionÐ Ô$  Ðrendered€by€the€court€first€seized€which€complies€with€the€requirements€for€its€recognitionÏor€enforcement€under€this€Convention.Ð (#(# ÐÌ[3à  àòòVariant€1óóÐ „Ô  ÐÌFor€the€purposes€of€the€preceding€paragraphs,€a€court€is€seized€when€an€application€has€been€madeÏbefore€it€and€the€document€instituting€the€proceedings€or€an€equivalent€document€has€been€dulyÏserved€on€the€defendant.ÌÌà  àòòVariant€2óóÐ  \ ÐÌFor€the€purposes€of€this€Article,€a€court€is€deemed€to€be€seized€at€the€date€on€which€the€documentÏinstituting€the€proceedings€or€an€equivalent€document€is€filed€with€the€court,€provided€that€theÏdocument€is€received€within€fifteen€days€(from€the€date€of€filing)€by€the€authority€or€personÏresponsible€for€service.€€Failing€this,€the€court€is€deemed€to€be€seized€when€service€is€effected.ÌÌHowever,€if€the€document€must€be€served€before€being€filed€with€the€court,€the€court€is€deemed€toÏbe€seized€at€the€date€on€which€the€document€instituting€the€proceedings€or€an€equivalent€documentÏis€received€by€the€authority€or€person€responsible€for€service,€provided€that€the€document€is€filedÏwith€the€court€within€fifteen€days€of€receipt€by€the€plaintiff€of€proof€of€service.€€Failing€this,€the€courtÏis€deemed€to€be€seized€when€the€document€is€filed׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×.]Ð 0"€  ÐÌ[IIà  à1à0 ` àIf€the€court€first€seized€determines€that€the€court€second€seized€in€another€ContractingÐ $X" ÐState€has€jurisdiction€and€is€[manifestly]€more€appropriate€to€resolve€the€dispute,€itÏmay€suspend€proceedings€and€direct€the€party€concerned€to€request€the€court€secondÏseized€to€exercise€its€jurisdiction€in€place€of€the€court€first€seized.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌ2à0  àIn€determining€the€appropriateness€of€a€forum€the€courts€concerned€will€consider€all€relevantÐ ¤(ô#' Ðfactors€and€in€particular€„Ð (#(# Ðà  àaà0 ` àthe€distance€between€the€habitual€residence,€or€the€seat€of€each€of€the€parties€and€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðcourt€seized,ñÚñÐ ` (#` (# ÐñÚñÐ T,¤'+ Ðà  àbà0 ` àthe€nature€and€location€of€the€evidence€capable€of€contributing€to€the€resolution€ofÐ ° Ðthe€dispute€and€the€procedure€necessary€to€obtain€such€evidence.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌ3à  àThe€courts€seized€may€proceed€to€an€exchange€of€views.Ð tÄ ÐÌ4à0  àIf€the€court€second€seized€determines€that€it€has€jurisdiction€and€accepts€jurisdiction€in€placeÐ L œ Ðof€the€court€first€seized,€the€latter€shall€decline€jurisdiction.Ð (#(# ÐÌIf€the€court€second€seized€refuses€to€exercise€jurisdiction,€the€court€first€seized€shall€revoke€theÏsuspension€of€the€proceedings.ÌÌ[5à0  àSuch€procedure€shall€not€have€the€effect€of€allowing€a€party€to€invoke€a€limitation€periodÐ Ô$  Ð[time€bar]€with€respect€to€a€claim€which€was€not€subject€to€such€limitation€when€it€wasÏpending€before€the€court€first€seized.]]׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ьü (#(# ÐÌ[Article€24à ` àDeclining€jurisdiction€(optional€provision)Ð „Ô  ÐÌòòVariant€1óóÐ \¬ ÐÌIà0  àIn€the€absence€of€an€express€choice€of€court€by€the€parties€[or€an€exclusive€jurisdiction],€aÐ 4„ Ðcourt€of€a€[Contracting€]€State€having€jurisdiction€under€the€provisions€of€the€ConventionÏmay,€[by€way€of€exception€and]€at€the€request€of€any€party€at€an€early€stage€of€theÏproceedings,€suspend€consideration€of€the€case€[or€decline€jurisdiction]€if€it€considers€thatÏanother€[Contracting€State]€court€has€jurisdiction€and€would€[clearly]€[manifestly]€be€betterÏplaced€in€the€particular€case€to€try€the€dispute€and€to€promote€the€ends€of€justice.Ð (#(# ÐÌIIà0  àIn€deciding€whether€to€suspend€consideration€[or€decline€jurisdiction],€the€requested€courtÐ ¨ø Ðshall€consider€[the€following€factors]€[all€the€relevant€factors,€including€in€particular€theÏfollowing]€„Ð (#(# Ðà  àaà0 ` àthe€balance€of€convenience€for€the€parties€to€the€proceedings€[and€their€witnesses]Ð l¼ Ðhaving€regard€in€particular€to:Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  àà ` à„à ¸ àthe€availability€and€situation€of€the€evidence€and€the€location€of€the€partiesÐ D!” Ðand€the€witnesses,Ìà  àà ` à[„à ¸ àthe€language€of€the€witnesses€and€the€documents€in€the€proceedings,]Ð #l! Ðà  àà ` à„à ¸ àthe€likely€relative€speed€and€cost€of€proceedings€in€the€two€courts;Ð $X" Ðà  àbà ` àwhether€one€court€and€not€the€other€will€be€applying€its€own€law;Ð ô$D # Ðà  àcà0 ` àthe€desirability€of€avoiding€a€multiplicity€of€legal€proceedings€and€the€risk€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðconflicting€decisions;Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  àdà ` àhow€far€the€litigation€has€progressed€in€the€other€court;Ð ¸'#& Ðà  àeà ` àthe€enforceability€of€any€decision€which€may€result;€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðà  àfà0 ` àthe€relative€strengths€of€the€connections€with€the€two€courts€of€the€parties€and€theÐ )à$( Ðdispute.Ð ` (#` (# ÐñÛñÌñÛñÐ T,¤'+ Ð[IIIà0  àThe€requested€court€may€consult€with€the€other€court,€while€fully€respecting€the€rights€of€theÐ ° Ðparties,€before€deciding€whether€to€suspend€[or€decline€jurisdiction]€in€favor€of€that€court.]Ð (#(# ÐÌ[IVà0  àThe€requested€court€[shall]€[may]€require€the€defendant€to€give€such€undertakings€as€meetÐ tÄ Ðthe€end€of€justice,€including€an€undertaking€that€he€will€not€rely€on€a€period€of€limitation€orÏprescription€having€expired.]Ð (#(# ÐÌ[Và0  àIf€the€requested€court€decides€to€suspend€[or€decline€jurisdiction]€in€favor€of€the€courts€of€aÐ $ t Ðnon„Contracting€State€it€may€order€the€defendant€to€lodge€security€in€the€requested€court€inÏan€amount€to€satisfy€any€judgment€of€the€other€court€in€favor€of€the€plaintiff€and€to€cover€theÏcosts.]Ð (#(# ÐÌ[VIà0  àThe€requested€court€shall€decide€on€the€question€whether€to€suspend€[or€decline€jurisdiction]Ð À  Ðwithout€[undue]€delay.]Ð (#(# ÐÌVIIà0  àIn€the€event€that€the€other€court€does€not€assume€jurisdiction,€the€requested€court€shallÐ „Ô  Ð[revoke€the€suspension€of€the€case€and]€proceed€to€consider€the€case.Ð (#(# ÐÌVIIIà0  àIn€the€event€that€the€other€court€assumes€jurisdiction,€the€requested€court€may€declineÐ H˜ Ðjurisdiction.Ð (#(# ÐÌòò(The€following€paragraph€could€be€included€in€the€Chapter€on€Recognition€and€Enforcement)óóÐ  \ ÐÌIXà0  àA€decision€may€not€be€refused€or€enforcement€on€the€ground€that€the€court€addressed€takesÐ ä4 Ðthe€view€that€the€court€of€origin€should€have€declined€jurisdiction.Ð (#(# ÐÌòòVariant€2óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌNo€provision€permitting€the€judge€to€decline€jurisdiction.]ÌÌCHAPTER€IIIà ` àRECOGNITION€AND€ENFORCEMENTÐ X ¨ ÐÌArticle€25à ` àThe€notion€of€decisionÐ 0"€  ÐÌ1à0  àThe€rule€of€this€Chapter€shall€apply€to€all€decisions€given€by€[the€courts]€of׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€a€ContractingÐ $X" ÐState,€irrespective€of€the€name€given€by€that€State€to€the€decision.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2à  àThey€apply€also€toÐ Ì&"% Ðà  à[aà ` àdecisions€which€order€provisional€or€protective€measures€and]Ð ¸'#& Ðà  àbà0 ` àan€award€of€judicial€costs€or€expenses€[even€if€such€award€does€not€proceed€from€aÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcourt],€provided€that€it€relates€to€a€decision€which€may€be€recognized€or€enforcedÏunder€this€Convention.Ð ` (#` (# ÐñÜñÌñÜñÐ T,¤'+ ÐArticle€26à ` àGeneral€ruleÐ ° ÐÌ1à0  àA€decision€rendered€in€a€Contracting€State€shall€be€recognized€in€another€Contracting€StateÐ ˆØ Ðif€it€is€final€in€the€State€of€origin.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2ñÓñà  àñÓññÔñà0  àñÔñTo€be€enforceable€in€the€State€addressed,€a€decision€must€be€enforceable€in€the€State€ofÐ L œ Ðorigin.Ð (#(# ÐÌArticle€27à ` àGrounds€for€refusal€of€recognition€and€enforcementÐ  ` ÐÌ1à  àRecognition€or€enforcement€of€a€decision€may€however€be€refused€„Ð è 8  Ðà  àaà ` àif€the€decision€was€rendered€by€a€court€not€having€jurisdiction€under€this€Convention,Ð Ô$  Ðà  à[bà0 ` àif€proceedings€[between€the€same€parties€and]€having€the€same€subject€matter€areÐ À  Ðpending€before€a€court€of€the€State€addressed€and€those€proceedings€were€the€first€toÏbe€instituted,]Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  àcà0 ` àif€the€decision€is€irreconcilable€with€a€decision€rendered€[between€the€same€parties],Ð „Ô  Ðeither€in€the€State€addressed,€or€in€another€[Contracting]€State,€provided€that€in€theÏlatter€case€the€decision€is€[capable€of€being]€recognized€or€enforced€in€the€StateÏaddressed,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  àdà0 ` àif€recognition€or€enforcement€of€the€decision€would€be€manifestly€incompatible€withÐ 4„ Ðthe€public€policy€of€the€State€addressed.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌ2à0  àIn€questions€relating€to€the€jurisdiction€of€the€court€of€origin,€the€authority€of€the€StateÐ øH Ðaddressed€shall€be€bound€by€the€findings€of€fact€on€which€that€court€based€its€jurisdictionÏ[unless€the€decision€was€given€by€default].Ð (#(# ÐÌ3à0  àWithout€prejudice€to€such€review€as€is€necessary€for€the€purpose€of€application€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðpreceding€provisions,€there€shall€be€no€review€of€the€merits€of€the€decision€rendered€by€theÏcourt€of€origin.Ð (#(# ÐÌArticle€28à ` àDecisions€rendered€by€defaultÐ X ¨ ÐÌA€decision€rendered€by€default€shall€not€be€recognized€or€enforced€unless€the€defaulting€party€hasÏhad,€in€the€circumstances,€sufficient€time€and€opportunity€to€present€his€defense.ÌÌArticle€29à ` àDocuments€to€be€filedÐ ô$D # ÐÌ1à  àThe€party€seeking€recognition€or€applying€for€enforcement€shall€furnish€„Ð Ì&"% Ðà  àaà ` àa€complete€and€certified€copy€of€the€decision;Ð ¸'#& Ðà  àbà0 ` àif€the€decision€was€rendered€by€default,€the€original€or€a€certified€copy€of€a€documentÐ ¤(ô#' Ðestablishing€that€the€document€which€instituted€the€proceeding€or€an€equivalentÏdocument€was€brought€to€the€knowledge€of€the€defaulting€party;Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  àcà0 ` àall€documents€required€to€establish€that€the€decision€is€final€in€the€State€of€origin€and,Ð h+¸&* Ðas€the€case€may€be,€that€the€decision€is€enforceable€in€that€State;Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  àdà0 ` àif€the€authority€addressed€so€requires,€a€translation€of€the€documents€referred€toÐ @-(, Ðabove,€made€by€a€person€so€qualified€to€do€so.Ð,.|)-` (#` (# Ї2à  àNo€legalization€or€other€like€formality€may€be€required.Ð ° ÐÌ3à0  àIf€the€terms€of€the€decision€do€not€permit€the€authority€addressed€to€verify€whether€theÐ ˆØ Ðconditions€of€this€Convention€have€been€complied€with,€that€authority€may€require€theÏproduction€of€any€other€necessary€documents.Ð (#(# ÐÌArticle€30à ` àProcedureÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌ1à0  àThe€procedure€for€the€recognition,€declaration€of€enforceability€or€registration€forÐ  ` Ðenforcement€of€the€decision€is€governed€by€the€law€of€the€State€addressed.€€The€authorityÏaddressed€shall€act€expeditiously.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2à0  àIf€the€decision€contains€provisions€which€are€severable,€one€or€more€of€them€may€beÐ À  Ðseparately€recognized,€declared€enforceable€or€registered€for€enforcement׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×.Ьü (#(# ÐÌArticle€31à ` àCosts€of€proceedingsÐ „Ô  ÐÌNo€security,€bond€or€deposit,€however€described,€shall€be€required€by€reason€only€of€the€nationalityÏor€habitual€residence€of€the€applicant€[in€a€Contracting€State]€to€guarantee€the€payment€of€judicialÏcosts€or€expenses.ÌÌArticle€31€bis€à ` àLegal€aidÐ  \ ÐÌòòVariant€1óóÐ ä4 ÐÌA€party€granted€legal€aid€in€the€State€of€origin€shall€be€extended€such€aid€under€equivalent€conditionsÏ[to€the€most€favorable€extent]€provided€by€the€law€of€the€State€addressed€in€any€proceedings€for€theÏrecognition€or€enforcement€of€a€decision.ÌÌòòVariant€2óóÐ l¼ ÐÌPersons€habitually€resident€in€a€Contracting€State€shall€be€entitled,€in€proceedings€for€the€recognitionÏor€enforcement€of€decisions€in€another€Contracting€State,€to€legal€aid€under€the€same€conditions€asÏapply€to€persons€habitually€resident€in€the€requested€State.ÌÌArticle€32à ` àEffects€of€the€decisionÐ ô$D # Ð....................................................................Ì(not€yet€discussed)ÌñÝñÌÌÌÌñÝñÐ h+¸&* Ð[Article€32€bis€à ¸ àDamagesÐ ° ÐÌœñÞñÌñÞñ1›à0  àIn€so€far€as€a€decision€awards€non„compensatory€damages,€it€shall€be€recognized€at€least€toÐ ˆØ Ðthe€extent€that€similar€or€comparable€damages€could€have€been€awarded€in€the€StateÏaddressed.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2à  àaà0 ` à[In€exceptional€cases]€when€the€debtor,€after€proceedings€at€which€the€creditor€hasÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€opportunity€to€be€heard,€satisfies€the€authority€addressed€that€in€theÏcircumstances,€including€those€existing€in€the€state€of€origin,€[grossly]€excessiveÏdamages€have€been€awarded,€recognition€may€be€limited€to€a€lesser€amount.Ð ` (#` (# Ðà  àbà0 ` àIn€no€event€shall€the€authority€addressed€recognize€the€decision€in€an€amount€lessÐ è 8  Ðthan€the€amount€of€damages€which€that€authority€could€have€awarded€in€theÏcircumstances,€including€those€existing€in€the€state€of€origin.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌ3à  àReferences€in€this€Article€to€damages€include,€where€appropriate,€judicial€costs€andÐ ˜è  Ðexpenses.]Ì